Biology Notes

Proteins (Definition Structure,Classification and Function) Proteins Proteins are the most functionally molecules of the biological system. The term protein is derived from Greak word Proteeious means first. The name of protein was suggested by a scientist Berzelins in 1838. Protein are the organic compounds,compose of carbon,oxygen,hydrogen, nitrogen,sulphur and some time phosphorous. They occur in every part of cell and constitute about 50% of the dry weight of cell. Proteins are formed from amino acids joined in the form of a chain. Amino acids are a group of organic compounds containing two functional group amino and carboxyl. The amino group (-NH2) is basic while Carboxyl group (-COOH) is acidic in nature. They are made up of 20 standard amino acids. Structure of protein According to structure there are four types: 1.Primary structure When amino acids are arranged in linear manner in a polypeptide chain,it is called primary structure. SECONDARY Structure: When ami

Muscle fatigue Fatigue Fatigue is a common non-specific symptom experienced by many people and is associated with many health conditions. Often defined as an overwhelming sense of tiredness, lack of energy and feeling of exhaustion, fatigue relates to a difficulty in performing voluntary tasks Muscle fatigue "Muscle fatigue is a symptom that decreases your muscles’ ability to perform over time. It can be associated with a  state of exhaustion , often following strenuous activity or exercise. When you experience fatigue, the force behind your muscles’ movements decrease, causing you to feel weaker." Or Muscle fatigue is a common complaint in clinical practice. In humans, muscle fatigue can be defined as exercise-induced decrease in the ability to produce force. Here, to provide a general understanding and describe potential therapies for muscle fatigue, we summarize studies on muscle fatigue, including topics such as the sequence of events observed during force

Introduction of  Lipids  

Have you ever thought why do dogs pant and w hy do lizards sunbathe? Yes, these are the few animal behavioral strategies to regulate their body temperature which is called as  Thermoregulation. Thermoregulation Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to maintain a core body temperature, which is 37° C (98°F) within an optimal physiological range. The hypothalamus, a portion of a brain which plays an important role in regulating body temperature by acting as a thermostat. Thermoregulation is also called as the heat regulation. Example:  Human beings living in a climate of varying temperature and are able to maintain constant body temperature. In both animals and birds, the balance in heat gain and loss is provided by the hair, feathers, and fat skin layers. We might have come across the term cold blood and warm-blooded animals. Based on the temperature regulation and their adaptations towards balancing the gain and loss in the body heat, these animals are classified in

Opening and closing ion channels alters the membrane potential In a neuron, the resting membrane potential is closer to the potassium equilibrium potential than it is to the sodium equilibrium potential. That's because the resting membrane is much more permeable to  \text K^+ K + start text, K, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript  than to  \text {Na}^+ Na + start text, N, a, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript . If more potassium channels were to open up—making it even easier for  \text{K}^+ K + start text, K, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript  to cross the cell membrane—the membrane would hyperpolarize, getting even closer to the potassium equilibrium potential. If, on the other hand, additional sodium channels were to open up—making it easier for  \text{Na}^+ Na + start text, N, a, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript  to cross the membrane—the cell membrane would depolarize toward the sodium equilibrium