Biology Notes

Have you ever thought why do dogs pant and w hy do lizards sunbathe? Yes, these are the few animal behavioral strategies to regulate their body temperature which is called as  Thermoregulation. Thermoregulation Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to maintain a core body temperature, which is 37° C (98°F) within an optimal physiological range. The hypothalamus, a portion of a brain which plays an important role in regulating body temperature by acting as a thermostat. Thermoregulation is also called as the heat regulation. Example:  Human beings living in a climate of varying temperature and are able to maintain constant body temperature. In both animals and birds, the balance in heat gain and loss is provided by the hair, feathers, and fat skin layers. We might have come across the term cold blood and warm-blooded animals. Based on the temperature regulation and their adaptations towards balancing the gain and loss in the body heat, these animals are clas...

Osmoconformers: Animals which have body fluid concentration equal to the concentration of solution in the external environment are called osmoconformer. These animals have their body fluid isotonic. They do not gain or loss the water. Just Because of the body fluid and external solution are equally concentrated. Hence equal amount of water move in and out the body. Examples: Ray, Hag fish, shark, invertebrates. Osmoregualtors:  Animals which have body fluid concentration different from outside environment are called osmoregualtors. They need energy to keep balance of water and salt in th body.  They remove extra water in fresh water environment and remove salt in marine environment.

Excretion in Invertibrate Excretion in Planaria Habitat : Planaria is a fresh water invertebrate.   Excretory product: planaria remove ammonia and it is ammonotlic. This excretion occurs by two methods, diffusion, specialized excretory system. Excretory organs: Planaria has simple tubular excretory system called protonephiridia. Protonephridia arranged in two longitudinal trunk one on each side of the body. Each track consists of a network of tubules without internal openings. These tubules divide into small branches which open in flame cells. Tubules open on the outside by small opening called nephridiophores. Structure of flame cell: Flame cells are club shaped hollow cells. Each flame cell contains nucleus, cytoplasm and internal cavity. Group of cilia is present in the cavity. Cilia perform a movement like a flame of candle. Flame cells also has many cytoplasmic elongations. Mechanism of excretion: Flame cells absorb wastes and push them into the c...

Nitrogenous Wastes Of Animal: Waste Products Of Animals: The nitrogenous wastes are urea,ammonia and uric acid . These all wastes are not removed by the same animal. These wastes are produced and excreted by different animal which are living in different habitats. The type of nitrogenous waste and their excretion depend upon the habitat of an animal. 1.Ammonia (NH3): It is the excretory product of aquatic animals ,developes by the break down of amino acids,harmful to the living cells,excreted by diffusion and highly soluble in water. About 500 ml of water is needed to remove one gram of ammonia . Animals those excrete ammonia are called ammonotelic . Examples: Eartworm, protozians, sponges and fishes etc. 2.Urea {CO (NH2)2}: It is the excretory products of mostly land animals ,produced by the liver from ammonia,less toxic than ammonia and can be store in the body for short time. One gram of urea require 50 ml of water for excretion. Animals those remove urea are...

Cold Blooded and Warm Blooded animals Cold Blooded            Cold Blooded do not regulate their internal body temperature they change their temperature to the change in outer environment's temperature. The process to maintain the temperature is called thermal homeostasis. The process of maintaining this temperature is called thermal homeostasis. They need less energy for maintaining their body temperature,so they need less amount of food. They produce resistivity against  microorganisms invading their body for causing disease,if happens,they lower the effect of infection by decreasing the body's temperature. Hibernation - Resting stage at the time of winters which can be for weeks or months. Aestivation Resting stage at the time of summer. The temperature of a body depends on the temperature of the external environment. Metabolic rates changes with the change in environment's temperature. Cold blooded are categorized in thre...

Excretion And Thermo regulation in plants Excretion in plants In excretion unwanted toxic material and nitrogenous waste are removed from the body. In plants the rate of catabolic processes is sloW so waste products are produced in less amount, and they are used again in their anabolic processes. ii) In plants the nitrogenous waste products are also used in the chemical processes, and not removed from the body. iii) Mostily carbohydrates, are used in metabolic processes, so CO2 and water produced. The substances which are produced in excess amount are: (A) Water (B) CO2 and Oz (C) lons Removal of Water Extra amount of water is removed from the body of plant by two methods: (i) Transpiration : When extra amount of water is removed from the body of plant in the form of vapours is called transpiration, And ittakes place through stomata of leaves. ii) Guttation In this process water is excreted from the body by hydathodes in the form of smal...

Hydrophytes These plants grow in water,founds in ponds,streams or lacks.these plants mostly under water but in some plants leaves are above water. Characteristics. I) Soft body without cuticle. ii) Roots are absent (in some plants poorly present. iii) whole body may perform function of absorption of water. iv) upper leaves (above the water) contain stomata through which transpiration takes place. v) those plants which are present underwater contain hydathodes(opening without guard cells) for removal of water. Example: Hydrilla,lotus,Lilly plants Halophytes:                   These plants grow in marshy soil or salty soil.(near sea)(water extra,oxygen disappear,salts extra),these plants produced special roots in air to absorb oxygen,called respiratory rotes Characteristics: I) the amount of minerals in the soil is high and active transport occurs,roots absorb water from the soil. iii) salt glands are present in the leaves...

What is homeostasis and what are the important aspect of homeostasis? Homeostasis (Homo=same stasis= condition) Homeostasis is the maintenance of the internal environment of the body. It has 3 aspects 1. Osmoregulation: Maintenance of water and solutes in the body. 2. Thermoregulation (Thermo =temperature) In thermoregulation temperature is regulated till suitable limit. 3.Excretion: (Removal) In excretion unwanted,nitrogenious waste and toxic material are removed from the body. F eed back system Many physiological processes take place in the body to maintain homeostasis, In homeostasis there is a check and balance system,which maintain the homeostasis, Called feedback system. Types of Feed Back System 1. Negative feed back This is opposite reaction due to any change in the body fluid,for example when we take more sugar in diet,so our glucose level increase and message is transferred toward the CNS,CNS analysis and transf...

Solute and solvent Solute and Solvent are the a part of the answer where the dissolved matter in any solution or mixture is named because the solute, while the liquid or gas that dissolves another liquid, solid or gas is named because the solvent. A solution are often defined because the homogenous mixture of two or more substances. So during a solution, the substance which gets dissolved is solute, whereas solvent is that the substance during which the solute will dissolve. There are many products in day to day life prepared by the mixture of 1 or many solutes and solvents and form an answer . These products are medicines,tea, coffee, juice , etc. The homogenous mixture is that the solution during which the solutes dissolve completely and uniformly into the answer . While solubility is that the ability of the substance to dissolve into another substance. In this article, we'll discuss the difference and characteristics of the solute and solvent. BASIS FOR COMPARISON SOL...