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MINISTRY OF DEFENCE

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  MINISTRY OF DEFENCE. Establishment Of National University In Islamabad Total position. 29 Domicile , All over Pakistan    Qualification  intermediate to bachelor positions . Project Engineer(Civil) account Officer  supervisor assistant office boy     How to apply.   Apply online through the link https://www.fgei-cg.gov.pk/nup-rec.php   Last date to apply  02 April 2023. No TA/DA Fo Interview 
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Bone Marrow

Bone Marrow Bone marrow is the tissue comprising the  middle  of  massive  bones. It is the  region   wherein  new blood cells are produced. Bone marrow  contains  two  styles of  stem cells: hemopoietic ( that could  produce blood cells) and stromal ( that can  produce  fat , cartilage and bone). There are two  sorts of  bone marrow:  purple  marrow (also  known as  myeloid tissue) and yellow marrow. Red blood cells, platelets and  most  white blood cells  rise up  in  crimson  marrow;  some  white blood cells  broaden  in yellow marrow. The  color  of yellow marrow is  because of  the much  better   number  of  fat  cells. Both  forms of  bone marrow contain  severa  blood vessels and capillaries. At birth, all bone marrow is  crimson . With age,  increasingly ...
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Connective Tissue and Classification of Connective Tissue

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Connective tissue Connnective tissue: Consisting of ground substance and fibres,in which various connective tissue cells are inserted. Function Connective tissue supports organs and cells,helps in exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue,protects against microorganism, repair damaged tissue and stores fat.  Extracellular matrix The extracellular Matrix helps in the transfer of nutrients and waste material between cells of connective tissue  and the bloodstream. Ground substance Ground substance is a colourless, gel-like substance in which the cells and fibres of connective tissue are inserted. it is a complex mixture of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and glycoproteins . Ground substance assist as a lubricant,helps to avoid invasion of tissue by foreign agents, and withstand un the effect of forces ocompression. Fibres collagen,reticular and Elastic are long, slender protein Polymers present in different parts in different ...
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Epithelial Tissue

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Tissue  group of cells similar in structure origin and function. Term Tissue was given by French anatomist and physiologists Bichat ,term tissue was already given by N.Grew with plant anatomy. Study of tissue is called Histology  or microscopic anatomy. Fther of Histology Bichat . Epithelium   origin : Ectoderm,Endoderm and mesodermal. Definition :  It is defined as a collection of closely opposed cells with a Samal amount of intracellular matrix. The layer of cells rest upon a non cellular basement membrane . in basement membrane 2 layers are present. upper is basal lamina secreted by epithelial layer and  formed of glycoprotein and mucopolysaccharides which are secreted by epithelial cells. lower is reticular lamina it is part of connective tissue consist of reticular fibres and collagen fibres and a part of underlying connective tissue.  Epithelial cells are joined together by cellular junction between adjacent cells such as de...
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What are chromosomes?

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Chromosome Chromosome During cell division the chromatin material change into thread like structure called chromosome. Chromosomes are also called physical basis of hereditary. On the chromosomes small bodies are located call genes. There are thousands of genes are present in an organisms.Genes are the unit of heredity. These genes contain hereditary character which are transfered from one generation to another by the help of chromosomes. Chromosomes were discovered by a biologist waldyer in 1876. After that in  1908 Sutton identified the function of chromosomes,that they take part in the transfer of hereditary characters.      ( Next post will be about Structure of chromosomes)
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Neurotransmitters and receptors

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Neurotransmitters and receptors Did you know there are billions of neurons—and trillions of synapses—in your amazing brain? ^1 1 start superscript, 1, end superscript  (No wonder you can learn anything, including neurobiology!) Most of your synapses are  chemical synapses , meaning that information is carried by chemical messengers from one neuron to the next. In the article on synapses, we discussed how synaptic transmission works. Here, we’ll focus on  neurotransmitters , the chemical messengers released from neurons at synapses so that they can “talk” to neighboring cells. We’ll also look at the receptor proteins that let the target cell “hear” the message. Neurotransmitters: Conventional and unconventional There are many different kinds of neurotransmitters, and new ones are still being discovered! Over the years, the very idea of what makes something a neurotransmitter has changed and broadened. Because the definition has expanded, so...
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Excretion in Invertibrate,(Excretion in Planaria, Excretion in Earthworm,Excretion in Cockroach)

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Excretion in Invertibrate Excretion in Planaria Habitat : Planaria is a fresh water invertebrate.   Excretory product: planaria remove ammonia and it is ammonotlic. This excretion occurs by two methods, diffusion, specialized excretory system. Excretory organs: Planaria has simple tubular excretory system called protonephiridia. Protonephridia arranged in two longitudinal trunk one on each side of the body. Each track consists of a network of tubules without internal openings. These tubules divide into small branches which open in flame cells. Tubules open on the outside by small opening called nephridiophores. Structure of flame cell: Flame cells are club shaped hollow cells. Each flame cell contains nucleus, cytoplasm and internal cavity. Group of cilia is present in the cavity. Cilia perform a movement like a flame of candle. Flame cells also has many cytoplasmic elongations. Mechanism of excretion: Flame cells absorb wastes and push them into the c...
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