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MINISTRY OF DEFENCE

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  MINISTRY OF DEFENCE. Establishment Of National University In Islamabad Total position. 29 Domicile , All over Pakistan    Qualification  intermediate to bachelor positions . Project Engineer(Civil) account Officer  supervisor assistant office boy     How to apply.   Apply online through the link https://www.fgei-cg.gov.pk/nup-rec.php   Last date to apply  02 April 2023. No TA/DA Fo Interview 
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Introduction of Lipids

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Introduction of  Lipids  
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Amino Acid and its classification

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Amino acids Amino acids are a group of organic compounds containing two functional groups _ amino group and carboxyl .The amino group (-NH2 ) is basic while the carboxyl group (COOH) is acidic in nature. STRUCTURE OF AMINO ACIDS                      R-CH-COOH                            l                         NH2 1. Alanine – ala – A 2. Arginine – arg – R 3. Asparagine – asn – N 4. Aspartic acid – asp – D 5. Cysteine – cys – C 6. Glutamine – gln – Q 7. Glutamic acid – glu – E 8. Glycine – gly – G 9. Histidine – his – H 10. Isoleucine – ile – I 11. Leucine – leu – L 12. Lysine – lys – K 13. Methionine – met – M 14. Phenylalanine – phe – F 15. Proline – pro – P 16. Serine – ser – S 17. Thre...
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Experiment 1 (Qualitative analysis of carbohydrate from unknown solution.)

OBJECT Qualitative analysis  of carbohydrate from unknown solution. CHEMICALS REQUIRED H2so4(concentrated) 1% ethanolic alpha-nephthol and 2ml of original solution. APPARATUS  A Beaker, Test tubes, Stirrer, Volumatric flask. PROCEDURE Take 2 ml of unknown solution into the test tube and add 2 drops of 1% ethanolic alpha nephthol (Molish reagent) and shake the test tube.After the shaking mix well and add concentarated H2SO4 along the sides of the test tube ( approx 2ml)    1)MOLISH TEST Take 2 ml of unknown solution add 2 drops of 1% ethanolic alpha nephthol.Mix  well and add concentrated H2SO4 along the side of test tube . PRINCIPLE The polysaccharides and disaccharides are hydrolyzed by concentrated H2SO4 into monosaccharides .The monosaccharides are dehydrated by the acid to form furfural or one of its derivatives. Furfural or its derivatives condence with alpha nephthol to form a violet colored complex OBSERVAT...
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Classification of protein

CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEIN 1) CLASSIFICATION  BASED ON THEIR FUNCTIONS 2)CLASSIFIED ON THE BASIS OF THEIR PROPERTIES 1) CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF THEIR FUNCTIONS 1catalytic proteins  (enzymes) 2structural proteins 3Contractile protein 4Transport protein 5Regulatory protein or harmonal protein 6Genetic protein 7Immunoproteins 1 catalytic  protein 1)Oxidoreductase  oxidation combination of oxygen and loss of electron and loss of hydrogen  Reduction   Removal  of oxygen and gain of electron gain of hydrogen  2) Transferases 3)Hydrolase 4)Lyase  5)Isomerase  6)ligase 2 STRUCTURAL PROTEINS Collagen ( found in liver and heart)  elastin ( found in joints) lipoproteins ( cell membrane)  keratins ( hair nails and horns)   3 CONTRACTILE PROTEIN      Actin , Myosin ,Flagellar proteins.   4 TRANSPORT OF PROTEIN 1Haemoglobin 2 Myoglobin ...
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EXPERIMENT NO 2

EXPERIMENT NO 2 OBJECT   Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates from unknown solution . 1 ) MOLISH TEST   ( for carbohydrates)  PROCEDURE Take 3 ml of a unknown solution in a test tube add 1-2 drops of molish reagent mix. Incline the test tube and run  3 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid along the wall of the test tube  make the test tube upright and rotate it between two palms. OBSERVATION   Appearence of reddish violet ring  at the junction of the two liquids    RESULTS   Indicates the presence of carbohyrates .  2) IODINE TES ( for polysaccharides ) PROCEDURE  Take 3 ml of unknown solution in a tedt tube add 1 drop of iodine solution mix heat and then cool Starch gives blue colour  dextrins give reddish purple colour and glycogen gives reddish brown colour . OBSERVATION    No blue ,reddish purple or reddish brown colour are not appear    RESULT   ...
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Structure Of Protein

STRUCTURE  OF PROTEIN Proteins are  polymers of L - amino acids . The structure of protein is rather complex which can be divided 4 levels of organization .   1) PRIMARY STRUCTURE  2) SECONDARY STRUCTURE  3) TERTIARY STRUCTURE  4) QUATENARY STRUCTURE 1) PRIMARY STRUCTURE    The linear sequence  of amino acids forming the backbone of  proteins   polypeptides . Peptide bonds  The amino acids held together  in a protein by covalent peptide  bonds or linkages . Formation of the peptide bonds  When the amino group of an amino acid combines with the carboxyl group of  another amino acid a peptide bond is formed  the dipeptides formed two amino acids combined 2) SECONDARY STRUCTURE   The spatial arrangement  of protein  by twisting  of the  polypeptide chain . The polypeptide chain by twisting or folding is refered to as secondary structure. The...
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Function of Protein

FUNCTIONS OF PROTEIN Protein perform a  great variety of  specialized and essentials functions in the living cells .These functions may b broadly group as static or dynamic functions  1) STATIC (STRUCTURAL)   Certain proteins perform a brick and morter roles and are primarily responsible for structure and strength of body .These include collagen and ellastin found in bone matrix vascular system and other organs of body keratin present in epidermal tissues. 2) DYANAMIC  The dynamic functions of protein are more diversified in their nature.These include proteins acting as enzymes harmones ,bloodclotting, storage proteins .
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PROTEIN

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PROTEIN 1) SOLUBILITY 2)MELTING POINTS 3) TASTE OF AMINO ACIDS 1)solubility In general amino acids are readily soluble in water.Insoluble or slightly soluble in alcohol and insoluble in ether.Tyrosine is only slightly soluble in cold water and more soluble in hot water and cysteine have difficulty soluble in both hot and cold water proline and hydrooxyprolineare soluble in alcohol and ether .Most of the amino acids are usually soluble in water and insoluble in organic solvents  2) MELTING POINTS Amino acids are outstanding among the organic compounds in possessing high melting points.Many of the amino acids undergo undergo more or less decomposition at or near the melting points are above 200'C and in some instances above 300'C  3) TASTE OF AMINO ACIDS Amino acids are usually sweet ,tasteless and bitter.For Example glycine ,alanine,valine ,proline,hydroxyproline,serine ,tryptophan,and histidine are sweet leucine is tasteles...
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Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides:  Definition  Polysaccharides ( or simply glycans) Consist of repeating unit of monsaccharides or their derivatives  held to gether by glycosidic bonds . They perform two functions 1) structural or storage of energy Types of polysaccharides 1) Homopolysaccharides  2)Heteropolysaccharides 1)  HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDES On hydrolysis yield only a single type of monosaccahrides they are named based on the nature of the monosaccharides  thus glucans are polymers of glucose while fructosans are polymer of fructose Examples 1) Starch  2Dextrins Cellulose  4Glycogen  Chitin  Heteropolysaccharides ON hydrolysis yield a mixture of  few monosaccharides and their derivatives  Examples 1)Hyalunuric acid  2) chondroitin sulphate  3 Heparin Homopolysaccharids (starch)  Starch;   Starch is the carbohydrate reserve of plants which is the most important di...
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Protein Introduction,History,characteristics

Protein Introduction,History,characteristics Proteins The  term protein is derived from the greek word proteious meaning ( primary or holding tge first place) Proteins  are the most abundant organic molecules of the living system. They occur in every part of the cell and constitute about 50%of the dry weight. proteins forms the fundamental basis of structure and function of life. All proteins are polymer of amino acids . Amino acids are most organic compound consists of two functional groups one amino group and other carboxylic acids while amino group is basic in nature and carboxylic group is acidic in nature History Its name suggested by john jaccob berzellius Characteristics of protein  1) proteins are the higher molecular weight For example 2) lactalbumin  of milk is 17000 molecular weight 3)GLiadin from wheat 27000  4) Serum globulin 170000 5)Edastin from hemp seed 300000 6) tobacco mosaic virus 60000000 7) Proteins donot m...
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Neurotransmitters and receptors

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Neurotransmitters and receptors Did you know there are billions of neurons—and trillions of synapses—in your amazing brain? ^1 1 start superscript, 1, end superscript  (No wonder you can learn anything, including neurobiology!) Most of your synapses are  chemical synapses , meaning that information is carried by chemical messengers from one neuron to the next. In the article on synapses, we discussed how synaptic transmission works. Here, we’ll focus on  neurotransmitters , the chemical messengers released from neurons at synapses so that they can “talk” to neighboring cells. We’ll also look at the receptor proteins that let the target cell “hear” the message. Neurotransmitters: Conventional and unconventional There are many different kinds of neurotransmitters, and new ones are still being discovered! Over the years, the very idea of what makes something a neurotransmitter has changed and broadened. Because the definition has expanded, so...
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Excretion in Invertibrate,(Excretion in Planaria, Excretion in Earthworm,Excretion in Cockroach)

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Excretion in Invertibrate Excretion in Planaria Habitat : Planaria is a fresh water invertebrate.   Excretory product: planaria remove ammonia and it is ammonotlic. This excretion occurs by two methods, diffusion, specialized excretory system. Excretory organs: Planaria has simple tubular excretory system called protonephiridia. Protonephridia arranged in two longitudinal trunk one on each side of the body. Each track consists of a network of tubules without internal openings. These tubules divide into small branches which open in flame cells. Tubules open on the outside by small opening called nephridiophores. Structure of flame cell: Flame cells are club shaped hollow cells. Each flame cell contains nucleus, cytoplasm and internal cavity. Group of cilia is present in the cavity. Cilia perform a movement like a flame of candle. Flame cells also has many cytoplasmic elongations. Mechanism of excretion: Flame cells absorb wastes and push them into the c...
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What are chromosomes?

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Chromosome Chromosome During cell division the chromatin material change into thread like structure called chromosome. Chromosomes are also called physical basis of hereditary. On the chromosomes small bodies are located call genes. There are thousands of genes are present in an organisms.Genes are the unit of heredity. These genes contain hereditary character which are transfered from one generation to another by the help of chromosomes. Chromosomes were discovered by a biologist waldyer in 1876. After that in  1908 Sutton identified the function of chromosomes,that they take part in the transfer of hereditary characters.      ( Next post will be about Structure of chromosomes)
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