MINISTRY OF DEFENCE

Image
  MINISTRY OF DEFENCE. Establishment Of National University In Islamabad Total position. 29 Domicile , All over Pakistan    Qualification  intermediate to bachelor positions . Project Engineer(Civil) account Officer  supervisor assistant office boy     How to apply.   Apply online through the link https://www.fgei-cg.gov.pk/nup-rec.php   Last date to apply  02 April 2023. No TA/DA Fo Interview 
Post a Comment

Introduction and BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY

Introduction and BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY
Biology
The study of the living thing is called biology.
It helps us to understand nature.
The biologist study living things but they also study the non living things which affect the living things.
~life and its Characteristics~
 The biologists explain only how life works. Life has following these characteristics
A. The living organisms are highly organised
B. They have complex structure.
C.their body is composed of one are more cells
D. They contain genetic programs of their characteristics
E.They can produce and use energy
F.Many chemical Reaction takes place in them.
G.They can grow in size.
H.They maintain constant internal environment.
I.They produce offspring.
J.They show response to change change in environment.
2.Branches oF BIOLOGY
Biology is a vast subject,therefore,biology is divided into many branches for study.

A.Embryology

The study of the development of an embryo till it is hatched or borne is called embryology
B.Physiology
The study of functions of the different parts of an organism is called physiology

C.Morphology

The study of form and structure of the different parts of the organisms is called morphology.

D. Anatomy

The study of the internal organs of an organism is called anatomy,it is also called intenal morphology, for example study of eye.
E. Histology
The study of the tissue of an organism is called histology,example study and of iris l.lens and cornea of eye.

F.Tissues

A group of similar cells having same origin and performing the same function is called tissue.

G. Paleontology

The study of fossils and their relation with the evolution is called paleontology.

H.Fossil

The dead remains of the living organisms of their imprints preserved in the rocks are called fossill

I. Evolutuon
State that present species have descended with modification from the species that were existed in the past.

J.Genetics

The study of transfer of the hereditary character from the parents to the offspring is called genetics

K.Zoogeography

The study of the distribution is f the animals in different regions of the earth is called zoogeography.

L.Molecular biology
The study of the molecular structure of the organisms,their cells or the organelles of the cells is called molecular biology.

M.Environmental Biology or Ecology:

The study of relation between the organisms and their environment is called environmental Biology.the interactions between the organisms and their inorganic and organic environment are studied in this branch.the relation of these interaction with the human activities is also studied.

N.Microbiology:
    The study of the micro organisms is called microbiology. For example study of bacteria,viruses.protozoa,microscopic algae and fungi.
O.Fresh water biology:
   The study of the organisms living in freshwater bodies and the physical and chemical parameters of these bodies is called  freshwater biology.the fresh water bodies are like rivers,lakes etc

P.Marine Biology
the study of marine life and physical and chemical parameters of sea or oceans is called marine biology.

Q.Parasitology:

   The study of the parasites is called parasitology. The structure mode of transmission,life histories and host-parasite relationships are studied in the branch.
R.Human Biology:
The study of man is called human biology.the structure function histology anatomy morphology evolution genetics cell biology and ecology of human being are studied in this branch.

S.Social Biology:

The study of the social behaviour and communal life of human being is called social biology.

T.Biotechnology:

The use of living organisms, their systems or processes in the manufacturing and services industries is called biotechnology.


Comments

  1. Badar's NotesFebruary 4, 2020 at 3:01 PM

    Please give me the notes of Ethology

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. BiologyFebruary 4, 2020 at 9:10 PM

      Inshal Allah
      After few days notes of ethology will be uploaded.

      Delete

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Neurotransmitters and receptors

Image
Neurotransmitters and receptors Did you know there are billions of neurons—and trillions of synapses—in your amazing brain? ^1 1 start superscript, 1, end superscript  (No wonder you can learn anything, including neurobiology!) Most of your synapses are  chemical synapses , meaning that information is carried by chemical messengers from one neuron to the next. In the article on synapses, we discussed how synaptic transmission works. Here, we’ll focus on  neurotransmitters , the chemical messengers released from neurons at synapses so that they can “talk” to neighboring cells. We’ll also look at the receptor proteins that let the target cell “hear” the message. Neurotransmitters: Conventional and unconventional There are many different kinds of neurotransmitters, and new ones are still being discovered! Over the years, the very idea of what makes something a neurotransmitter has changed and broadened. Because the definition has expanded, some recently discovered n
Read more

Excretion in Invertibrate,(Excretion in Planaria, Excretion in Earthworm,Excretion in Cockroach)

Image
Excretion in Invertibrate Excretion in Planaria Habitat : Planaria is a fresh water invertebrate.   Excretory product: planaria remove ammonia and it is ammonotlic. This excretion occurs by two methods, diffusion, specialized excretory system. Excretory organs: Planaria has simple tubular excretory system called protonephiridia. Protonephridia arranged in two longitudinal trunk one on each side of the body. Each track consists of a network of tubules without internal openings. These tubules divide into small branches which open in flame cells. Tubules open on the outside by small opening called nephridiophores. Structure of flame cell: Flame cells are club shaped hollow cells. Each flame cell contains nucleus, cytoplasm and internal cavity. Group of cilia is present in the cavity. Cilia perform a movement like a flame of candle. Flame cells also has many cytoplasmic elongations. Mechanism of excretion: Flame cells absorb wastes and push them into the cavit
Read more

Waste Products Of Animals

Image
Nitrogenous Wastes Of Animal: Waste Products Of Animals: The nitrogenous wastes are urea,ammonia and uric acid . These all wastes are not removed by the same animal. These wastes are produced and excreted by different animal which are living in different habitats. The type of nitrogenous waste and their excretion depend upon the habitat of an animal. 1.Ammonia (NH3): It is the excretory product of aquatic animals ,developes by the break down of amino acids,harmful to the living cells,excreted by diffusion and highly soluble in water. About 500 ml of water is needed to remove one gram of ammonia . Animals those excrete ammonia are called ammonotelic . Examples: Eartworm, protozians, sponges and fishes etc. 2.Urea {CO (NH2)2}: It is the excretory products of mostly land animals ,produced by the liver from ammonia,less toxic than ammonia and can be store in the body for short time. One gram of urea require 50 ml of water for excretion. Animals those remove urea are
Read more