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MINISTRY OF DEFENCE

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  MINISTRY OF DEFENCE. Establishment Of National University In Islamabad Total position. 29 Domicile , All over Pakistan    Qualification  intermediate to bachelor positions . Project Engineer(Civil) account Officer  supervisor assistant office boy     How to apply.   Apply online through the link https://www.fgei-cg.gov.pk/nup-rec.php   Last date to apply  02 April 2023. No TA/DA Fo Interview 
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Muscle fatigue

Muscle fatigue Fatigue Fatigue is a common non-specific symptom experienced by many people and is associated with many health conditions. Often defined as an overwhelming sense of tiredness, lack of energy and feeling of exhaustion, fatigue relates to a difficulty in performing voluntary tasks Muscle fatigue "Muscle fatigue is a symptom that decreases your muscles’ ability to perform over time. It can be associated with a  state of exhaustion , often following strenuous activity or exercise. When you experience fatigue, the force behind your muscles’ movements decrease, causing you to feel weaker." Or Muscle fatigue is a common complaint in clinical practice. In humans, muscle fatigue can be defined as exercise-induced decrease in the ability to produce force. Here, to provide a general understanding and describe potential therapies for muscle fatigue, we summarize studies on muscle fatigue, including topics such as the sequence of events observed during force ...
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Introduction of Lipids

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Introduction of  Lipids  
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Thermoregulation

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Have you ever thought why do dogs pant and w hy do lizards sunbathe? Yes, these are the few animal behavioral strategies to regulate their body temperature which is called as  Thermoregulation. Thermoregulation Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to maintain a core body temperature, which is 37° C (98°F) within an optimal physiological range. The hypothalamus, a portion of a brain which plays an important role in regulating body temperature by acting as a thermostat. Thermoregulation is also called as the heat regulation. Example:  Human beings living in a climate of varying temperature and are able to maintain constant body temperature. In both animals and birds, the balance in heat gain and loss is provided by the hair, feathers, and fat skin layers. We might have come across the term cold blood and warm-blooded animals. Based on the temperature regulation and their adaptations towards balancing the gain and loss in the body heat, these animals are clas...
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Opening and closing ion channels alters the membrane potential

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Opening and closing ion channels alters the membrane potential In a neuron, the resting membrane potential is closer to the potassium equilibrium potential than it is to the sodium equilibrium potential. That's because the resting membrane is much more permeable to  \text K^+ K + start text, K, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript  than to  \text {Na}^+ Na + start text, N, a, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript . If more potassium channels were to open up—making it even easier for  \text{K}^+ K + start text, K, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript  to cross the cell membrane—the membrane would hyperpolarize, getting even closer to the potassium equilibrium potential. If, on the other hand, additional sodium channels were to open up—making it easier for  \text{Na}^+ Na + start text, N, a, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript  to cross the membrane—the cell membrane would depolarize...
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Neurotransmitters and receptors

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Neurotransmitters and receptors Did you know there are billions of neurons—and trillions of synapses—in your amazing brain? ^1 1 start superscript, 1, end superscript  (No wonder you can learn anything, including neurobiology!) Most of your synapses are  chemical synapses , meaning that information is carried by chemical messengers from one neuron to the next. In the article on synapses, we discussed how synaptic transmission works. Here, we’ll focus on  neurotransmitters , the chemical messengers released from neurons at synapses so that they can “talk” to neighboring cells. We’ll also look at the receptor proteins that let the target cell “hear” the message. Neurotransmitters: Conventional and unconventional There are many different kinds of neurotransmitters, and new ones are still being discovered! Over the years, the very idea of what makes something a neurotransmitter has changed and broadened. Because the definition has expanded, so...
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The Importance of Animal Physiology

The Importance of  Animal Physiology Why is the study of animal physiology important to you and to people in general? Not the least of the reasons is the one we have already emphasized—namely, that a full understanding and appreciation of all the marvels and other phenomena of the animal world depends on an analysis of how animals work. The study of physiology draws us beyond surface impressions into the inner workings of animals, and nearly always this venture is not only a voyage of discovery, but also one of revelation. The study of physiology also has enormous practical applications because physiology is a principal discipline in the understanding of health and disease. The analysis of many human diseases—ranging from aching joints to heart failure—depends on understanding how the “human machine” works. A physician who studies heart disease, for instance, needs to know the forces that make blood flow into the heart chambers between one heartbeat and the next. The physician ...
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What are chromosomes?

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Chromosome Chromosome During cell division the chromatin material change into thread like structure called chromosome. Chromosomes are also called physical basis of hereditary. On the chromosomes small bodies are located call genes. There are thousands of genes are present in an organisms.Genes are the unit of heredity. These genes contain hereditary character which are transfered from one generation to another by the help of chromosomes. Chromosomes were discovered by a biologist waldyer in 1876. After that in  1908 Sutton identified the function of chromosomes,that they take part in the transfer of hereditary characters.      ( Next post will be about Structure of chromosomes)
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