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Connective Tissue and Classification of Connective Tissue
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Connective tissue
Connnective tissue:
Consisting of ground substance and fibres,in which various connective tissue cells are inserted.
Function
Connective tissue supports organs and cells,helps in exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue,protects against microorganism, repair damaged tissue and stores fat.
Extracellular matrix
The extracellular Matrix helps in the transfer of nutrients and waste material between cells of connective tissue and the bloodstream.
Ground substance
Ground substance is a colourless, gel-like substance in which the cells and fibres of connective tissue are inserted.
it is a complex mixture of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and glycoproteins.
Ground substance assist as a lubricant,helps to avoid invasion of tissue by foreign agents, and withstand un the effect of forces ocompression.
Fibres
collagen,reticular and Elastic are long, slender protein Polymers present in different parts in different types of connective tissue.
A) collagen fibres
There are about at least 25 different types of collagen,but very common collagen types in connective tissue proper are types 1 and 3 collagen.
Collagen fibres have great durability which provide both flexibility and strength to tissue.
Collagen fibers are predent in Bone,skin cartilage tendon and many other structure of the body.
B) Reticular fibres
They are very thin and primarly composed of type iii collagen.
They have higher carbohydrate content than other collagen fibres. C) Elastic Fibres
1.Elastic fibres are coiled branching fibres that is occasionally form loose networks.
2.The fibers may be stretched upto 150% of their normal length.
3.Elastic fibres are need special staining to be observed by light microscopy.
classification of connective tissue
1. Embryonic connective tissue
A) mucous tissue (wharton Jelly)
It is a loose connective tissue which is the main part of the umbilical cord.
It is made up of a jelly like Matrix with some collagen fibres in which large fibroblast are inserted. B) Mesenchymal tissue
It is found only in embryos.
It consists of a jelly like shapeless Matrix containing only a few dispersed reticular fibres.
2. Connective tissue A) loose connective tissue (areolar tissue)
They have fibres but more cells than dense connective tissue
This tissue is well vascularized flexible and not very resistant to stress.
It is more abundant than dense connective tissue and it is the connective tissue that fills in the spaces just deep to the skin
B) Dense connective tissue
Contains more fibres but fewer cells than loose connective tissue.
It is classified by the orientation of its fibres bundles into two types
B1) Dense irregular connective tissue (most common)
It contains fibres bundles that have no definite orientation.
This tissue is characteristics of the dermis and capsules of many organs.
B2) Dense regular connective tissue
It contains fibre bundles and weaken fibroblasts that are arranged in a uniform parallel fashion.
it is present only and tendons and ligaments. this tissue may be elasticor collagenous.
3 Elastic tissue
It is present in the lungs,elastic cartilage and Elastic ligament and in large conducting blood vessels where it forms porous sheaths.
4) Reticular tissue
1) It consists mostly of a network of branched reticular fibres Type III collagen.
2) This tissue supports liver sinusoids smooth muscle cells and fat cells and forms the stroma of lymphatic organs bone marrow and endocrine glands.
3) It also form The Reticular lamina of basement membrane
Neurotransmitters and receptors Did you know there are billions of neurons—and trillions of synapses—in your amazing brain? ^1 1 start superscript, 1, end superscript (No wonder you can learn anything, including neurobiology!) Most of your synapses are chemical synapses , meaning that information is carried by chemical messengers from one neuron to the next. In the article on synapses, we discussed how synaptic transmission works. Here, we’ll focus on neurotransmitters , the chemical messengers released from neurons at synapses so that they can “talk” to neighboring cells. We’ll also look at the receptor proteins that let the target cell “hear” the message. Neurotransmitters: Conventional and unconventional There are many different kinds of neurotransmitters, and new ones are still being discovered! Over the years, the very idea of what makes something a neurotransmitter has changed and broadened. Because the definition has expanded, some recently discovered n
Excretion in Invertibrate Excretion in Planaria Habitat : Planaria is a fresh water invertebrate. Excretory product: planaria remove ammonia and it is ammonotlic. This excretion occurs by two methods, diffusion, specialized excretory system. Excretory organs: Planaria has simple tubular excretory system called protonephiridia. Protonephridia arranged in two longitudinal trunk one on each side of the body. Each track consists of a network of tubules without internal openings. These tubules divide into small branches which open in flame cells. Tubules open on the outside by small opening called nephridiophores. Structure of flame cell: Flame cells are club shaped hollow cells. Each flame cell contains nucleus, cytoplasm and internal cavity. Group of cilia is present in the cavity. Cilia perform a movement like a flame of candle. Flame cells also has many cytoplasmic elongations. Mechanism of excretion: Flame cells absorb wastes and push them into the cavit
Nitrogenous Wastes Of Animal: Waste Products Of Animals: The nitrogenous wastes are urea,ammonia and uric acid . These all wastes are not removed by the same animal. These wastes are produced and excreted by different animal which are living in different habitats. The type of nitrogenous waste and their excretion depend upon the habitat of an animal. 1.Ammonia (NH3): It is the excretory product of aquatic animals ,developes by the break down of amino acids,harmful to the living cells,excreted by diffusion and highly soluble in water. About 500 ml of water is needed to remove one gram of ammonia . Animals those excrete ammonia are called ammonotelic . Examples: Eartworm, protozians, sponges and fishes etc. 2.Urea {CO (NH2)2}: It is the excretory products of mostly land animals ,produced by the liver from ammonia,less toxic than ammonia and can be store in the body for short time. One gram of urea require 50 ml of water for excretion. Animals those remove urea are
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