MINISTRY OF DEFENCE

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  MINISTRY OF DEFENCE. Establishment Of National University In Islamabad Total position. 29 Domicile , All over Pakistan    Qualification  intermediate to bachelor positions . Project Engineer(Civil) account Officer  supervisor assistant office boy     How to apply.   Apply online through the link https://www.fgei-cg.gov.pk/nup-rec.php   Last date to apply  02 April 2023. No TA/DA Fo Interview 
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Plasma Membrane/Plasma Lemma

Plasma Membrane


Plasma Membrane

Plasma Membrane: Outer most layer in animal cell and second outer most layer in plant cell. It is also called plasma-lemma.

Structure of plasma membrane was proposed by two scientists Singer and Nicolson in 1972,called fluid Mosaic Model.
According to this model plasma membrane is composed of two layer of phospholipid,(phosphatidylcholine and phosphotidylethanolamine).
Along these lipids proteins are also present.
Each layer of phospholipid has two ends.

1.Hydrophobic end

Hydrophobic end


 uncharged tail end insoluble,it is nonpolar end, inner part these ends are present opposite  to each other.

2. hydrophilic end

polar end (outer part) has charged,head end of the molecule contains  phosphate  portion and it is is relatively soluble in water.
in these layers proteins are present in different manner.
1.extrinsic proteins
 also called peripheral proteins these proteins are present along the surface of lipids they have loose attachment with membrane surface (stud the inside and outside the membrane)

2.intrinsic proteins 

 also called integral proteins
 these proteins are found deeply in the lipid bilayer, they help in the movement of water soluble ions outside or inside the cell.

Attachment of proteins

 Peripheral proteins are attached to the surface of the membrane in various ways one common way is attachment to glycosylated  form of phospatidylinositol (GPI) anchors  include enzymes such as Alkaline phosphatase various antigen and number of cell adhesion molecules. over 45 GPI Ilinked cell-surface proteins have been described in humans. other proteins are lipidated.

Proteins in Cell membrane

Proteins make 50% mass of the membrane

2. proteins perform many function Some are cell adhesion molecules that anchor cell to another cell are basal lamina.

3. some protein function as pumps actively transport ion  across the membrane transporting substances gradient by facilitated diffusion.

4. protein function as carrier some protein function as receptor that binds ligands are messenger molecules, also function as enzyme, catalysing reaction at the surface of membrane.
(In animal cell cholesterol may be present but in plant and bacterial cell it is absent).

Function of cell membrane 
it protects the cytoplasm of cell.
 it is semipermeable membrane,it helps in permeability allows to pass different solution of molecule in and out of the cell.

permeability of plasma membrane 

the process of flow of solution and important materials in and out of a cell is known as selected are differential permeability.
 this permeability is of two types
passive transport
active transport
1 passive transport
it is of two types diffusion and  Osmosis

 diffusion
Or passive permeability when two solution are substances of different concentration are mixed it is called diffusion in this process the movement of molecules from higher to the lower concentration without membrane,it helps in the diffusion of many substances like gases Oxygen and Carbon dioxide
(ii) Osmosis
 when a Soulute moves from the region of higher concentration and to the region of lower concentration in the presence of a semipermeable membrane, it is called Osmosis.
it helps to maintain osmoregulation for example, it keeps the balance between osmotic pressure inside and outside the cell.

 active transport

 it is opposite to diffusion in this process the molecules move from lower to the higher concentration in this type of transport energy is required,active transport is of two types.
 1.endocytosis
2.exocytosis

1 Endocytosis
when the cell membrane takes in certain materials by infolding in the form of a vacuole it is called endocytosis.it is of two types
phagocytosis and pinocytosis

Phagocytosis
 in this process the plasma membrane absorbs solid particles, for example the white blood cells absorb unnecessary harmful particles from the blood it is also called cell eating process.

Pinocytosis

it is process of taking fluid in larger amount. when the living cells take up fluid vesicles,it is called pinocytosis. it is also called self drinking process.

exocytosis

when the cell membrane allows the movement of certain materials out of the cell it is called exocytosis it is the process of membrane fusion after the movement of materials.

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